`` Why Look At Animals `` By John Berger, Clifford, And...

Animals have occupied a central role in the life of humankind throughout history. Writers such as Julio Cortà ¡zar, Franz Kafka, John Berger, Clifford, and artists as Kate Clark, have all contributed to recognizing how man’s relationship with the animal world has defined his identity as human. Animals and humans share some of the same traits, such as a sense of John Berger’s belief that animals are marginalized both physically and culturally is supported by Descartes’ theory of dualism and the ultimate domestication of animals that leads to their decline. Descartes thought the animal was just a machine without consciousness or thought. In Berger’s, essay â€Å"Why Look at Animals?† he states: â€Å"They belonged there and here. Likewise, they were†¦show more content†¦The life of the sea otter was a natural obstacle to the mercantile capitalism and became a new kind of raw material for human appropriation and commodification. The reduction of animals, which has an economic history, is part of the same process as that by which humans became marginalized and isolated productive and consuming units. In metamorphosis by Kafka, the character Gregor is an alienated and unhappy human being. Gregor’s metamorphosis from man to cockroach represents his judgement on himself by his defeated humanity. He cannot find a way to leave his job behind and assert his own needs and identity because of his loyalty and sense of obligation to his family. Gregor’s transformation reveals the heartless nature of humanity and the metamorphosis allows Gregor the potential escape from the brutal existence. The metamorphosis into an insect is the concrete form of the alienation of Gregor, trapped by rules and regulation that rob him of his identity. Gregor maintains his human consciousness when he transforms into a revolting human-sized insect, demonstrating the terrifying reality of an essentially human character trapped in the body of an insect. As Gregor’s continues to live as an insect, he becomes more â€Å"human†, because he slowly turns into a very astute observer. When he hears his sister Grete’s music Gregor feels â€Å"as if they were opening before him the unknown nourishment he craved.† (37). There is no answer to the question if GregorShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesthanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los AngelesRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesprovide a thorough overview of development in that domain. Preschool children’s knowledge and skills can be considered from the perspective of one domain, such as physical development or visual and performing arts. Yet when taking an in-depth look at one domain, one needs to keep in mind that learning is an integrated experience for young children. For example, a young child may concentrate on a performing art, such as dance, but the experience also pertains to learning in the cognitiveRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics Model 263 Ethical Dilemma Spitting Mad 264 Case Incident 1 Multitasking: A Good Use of Your Time? 264 Case Incident 2 Bonuses Can Backfire 265 3 9 The Group Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Defining and Classifying Groups 272 Why Do People Form Groups? 272 Stages of Group Development 274 The Five-Stage Model 275 †¢ An Alternative Model for Temporary Groups with Deadlines 276 Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness, and Diversity 277 Group Property 1: Roles

Analysis Of The Book Greening The Ivory Tower By Sarah...

The environment is important to protect considering that people live and breathe in the atmosphere it provides. Investing time in activities that protect the environment hasn’t always been a priority, but as greenhouse gas emissions, the use of energy, and other harmful impacts on the environment increased, individuals began to speak up on what should be done. As the world’s population continues to grow exponentially, the impacts society produces will in turn continue to increase unless something is done about it. Although the idea of an environmentally sustainable community has remained on the minds of the concerned public throughout the past decade, as companies and universities became more invested in the idea, new ways of taking action and implementing policies were developed and pursued. The conversation of introducing environment sustainability actions on campus were solemnly expressed through individuals who had concern for the environment. In the book, â€Å"Gr eening the Ivory Tower† by Sarah Creighton, the author mentions ways students can take action to maintain a healthy environment. Creighton introduces the benefits of protecting the campus from harmful effects of abusing the environment around them. By doing so, she allows the readers to be aware of environmental issues in addition to providing solutions to these problems. Creighton claims, â€Å"Five ingredients are key to successful university action: . . . (2) university commitment and demonstrated support for

Dangerous Knowledge Free Essays

Mary Shelley demonstrates how dangerous it is to pursue knowledge through Victor’s health with his growing obsession with his scientific goals, the death of his younger brother William due to his neglect of his own creation, and finally his loss of rationality and mental stability when the creature retaliates against its maker. As a young child Frankincense had an uncommon craving for knowledge. As an adolescent Victor was more intense than most and could apply himself more acutely. We will write a custom essay sample on Dangerous Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reading outdated books as child victor became interested in the fields of natural philosophy and chemistry. Becoming an above average tuned Victor pursued higher education at a university level. This curiosity lead him to his research to discover the hidden laws of nature. Laws of nature that no human was ever meant to know. Spending multiple years dedicated to this discovery, abandoning his moral code victor tries to play God by trying to create life where there is none. The potential rewards of this attempt causes Victor to miss all caution when considering the consequences of his actions, which allows the experiment to progress till completion. It is only after completion that victor realizes the dangers of knowing too much, not legalizing the dangers of this knowledge Victor ignores not only his personal wellbeing but his loved ones as well. Spending many years in seclusion, Victor ignores his person health and falls into a state of illness. Because of his growing obsession victor further disregards his health and almost dies. Victor fails to realize is that the knowledge that he has pursued almost killed him, and will continue to hinder him to live a peaceful and happy life. In a condition of illness and isolation victor discovers Cleaver his boyhood friend has come to visit him in his time of weakness. With the presence of Henry victors spirits arise to levels of normality, although for a time which is yet to be determined. Unprepared for the consequences of his creation victor realizes his worst fears. On receiving a letter from his father telling him that Victor’s youngest brother, William, has been murdered. Victor travels back to Geneva to find that is was his creation that murders his brother. Victor realizes that it was he who responsible for the death of his younger brother. Later in the novel victor sees that it was his neglect for the power hat he held and the power in which he wanted to obtain were the reasoning for his catastrophes. â€Å"By my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier the man is who believes his native town is the world, than he who aspires to become greater his nature will allow. † Cheap. This quote is when victor is telling his story to Walton, telling him the dangers of obtaining knowledge. Because of his lack of attention to the power that he held victor now sees that it was he himself that altered not only his fate but his loved his loved ones as well. Further in the novel the reader sees he accumulation of distress placed on victor because of his accretion of dangerous knowledge. The final phase in Victor’s realization that it was his acquisition of dangerous knowledge that lead to the death of his beloved Elizabeth and father. He believes that it is him who the creature is after only to find that it is his loved ones. Once the creature murders Elizabeth Victor falls into a state of severe illness yet again from his own doing. Recovering from his sickness Victor’s mental state is disarray having nothing left to live for he is determined to take life from that in which he gave and eventually dads to his own death. Victors near death experience is in direct relation to his lack of understanding of dangerous knowledge. The entirety of his adult life Victors life was dictated by his disregard for the acquirement of dangerous knowledge and lead to the death of everyone close to him and eventually his passing Frankincense, is a warning about the dangers of knowledge and the consequences that result because of the reckless pursuit of information. The novel shows that sometimes actions do not get the chosen outcome. As was the case with Dry. Frankincense. Victor becomes obsessed in his pursuit to gain knowledge and create life. How to cite Dangerous Knowledge, Papers

Proportionality Principle and Counter Terrorism

Question: Discuss about the Proportionality Principle and Counter Terrorism. Answer: Introduction Proportionality, as a general principle of law, is needed for effective enforcement of form of actions and legislative guidelines. Proportionality has been essentially been inculcated as a measure to protect individual rights and minimize administrative burdens. Proportionality helps to bridge the gap between central and regional governments and allows them to lay down respective rules and guidelines with seamless ease and flexibility. To protect federal values and benefits mechanism of proportionality should be incorporated into Australian constitutional methodology. Proportionality is used in exercising constitutional rights jurisprudence and characterization of purposive powers. To determine whether express or implied constitutional guarantee is permissible or not proportionality should be used. In addition, it is also an integral means to decide whether a Commonwealth Act can be characterized as having a sufficient to the power to be valid. One of the major attractions of the mec hanism of proportionality is its consistency in application, allowing power balances between central and regional governments to naturally shift whilst maintaining the overall structure. The principle of proportionality requires a transparent test to be developed and remove the veil of legalism. In Leask v Commonwealth (1996) 187 CLR 579,616, Toohey J stated that extending proportionality to become a general touchstone of constitutional power would result in the Court being drawn inexorably into areas of policy and of value judgements . Despite this, the concept of proportionality is important as it gives the court a discretion that is inappropriate for judicial exercise. For example, Stone is critical of the inconsistency and error that it asserts is latent in ad hoc balancing often associated with the use of proportionality. Flexibility is one of the major advantages of the mechanism of proportionality. Proportionality also helps address several federal issues. For instance, the notion of protecting an individual's right to be governed by the appropriate level entity within the federation(i.e. at local, State or federal level). Using federal values within a balancing exercise allows the federation envisaged by the Constitution to be adaptable as society and its government develops and adapt to contemporary circumstances. The principle of Proportionality is necessary only when there are competing factors which balance against each other. Proportionality involves relationships between matters. There must always be a counterbalancing interest or right against the legitimate government objective for proportionality. The concept of proportionality has become an underlying constitutional principle which limits both the administrative and legislative powers. The test for the principle of proportionality can be sub divided into three sub-principles. Firstly, proportionality determines the suitability of a measure for the attainment of any particular objective. Secondly proportionality is essentially used to determine the necessity of an adopted which implies that a measure is permissible only if no less restrictive method is available for the achievement of the legitimate end pursued. Thirdly the concept of proportionality helps to assess the seriousness of the intervention and the reasons justifying it must be proportionate to each other. The concept of proportionality can also be associated with the nature of the balancing exercise, the possible form a proportionality test may be of assistance in the determination of the appropriate standard while enforcing a rule or reform. The concept of Proportionality also helps to lay down guidelines and parameters for subsidiary matters. Proportionality essentially works on the following principles. Firstly, it aims to minimize any financial or administrative burdens on communities, local authorities, citizens and other related economic operators. Secondly, it aims to simplify the form of action. It implies that proportionality mechanism entails the simplest, most feasible, consistent and satisfactory achievement of the objectives and measures. In addition to the constitutional arena, the courts have used the concept of proportionality to determine whether delegated legislation is suitable in empowering legislative provisions and parameters. Proportionality is also associated with the concept of consistency. It plays an integral role in ascertaining whether the regulation is capable of being considered to be reasonably proportionate to the pursuit of any enabling purpose or not. Proportionality mechanism can also be effectively applied in areas of delegated legislation and in areas where constitutional characterization is flawed. Conclusion Indeed, the mechanism of proportionality should have a major role to play in matters pertaining to characterization. This is mainly because the adoption of the general principle of test of proportionality would enable a significant, almost revolutionary, shift in jurisprudence for the High Court. The very concept of proportionality would provide for a broader adoption of principles through an implied right - a test which would require proportionality to governmental objectives to safeguard the citizens' right to be governed by both Commonwealth and State units in a constitutional federation. This argument is based upon a premise that there are meaningful advantages to maintaining a federation. Owing to its advantages, Proportionality has been a surely been a cornerstone of human rights. In addition, the European, Canadian and United States discourse demonstrates that proportionality can be used as an additional tool in determining constitutionality of legislation and ensure that the basic structures and advantages of a federal system are maintained. Proportionality in characterization beyond its current, limited use serves as an integral part with respect to the purposive powers and the incidental power. These include what 'rights' it would be employed to protect and the content of such rights. Apart from these advantages, the benefits of the inculcating the concept of proportionality are manifold. These entail the following. Firstly, broader use of the mechanism of proportionality would help to remove the arbitrary application of it in some instances and circumstances which has caused substantial disagreement amongst the High Court. Secondly, the concept of proportionalit y would also provide major assistance in the matters pertaining to the maintenance of Australia's federal structure which, after recent decisions of the Court has taken a considerable tilt towards the centre. Finally, proportionality serves to protect several federal benefits and values. References 13 Principles Week Of Action: Fighting Surveillance Law In Australia(2017) Electronic Frontier Foundation https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/09/australians Australias Growing Debt To The European Court Of Human Rights*(2017) hcourt.gov.au https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/kirbyj/kirbyj_feb08.pdf An Australian Looks At German 'Proportionality(2017) An Australian Looks At German 'Proportionality https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNDAULawRw/1999/5.pdf Global Influences On The Australian Judiciary(2017) Hcourt.gov.au https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/gleesoncj/cj_global.htm Michaelsen, Christopher,The Proportionality Principle, Counter-Terrorism Laws And Human Rights: A German-Australian Comparison(2017) Papers.ssrn.com https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1673657 Proportionality And The Constitution | Prof Anne Twomey | ALRC(2017) Alrc.gov.au https://www.alrc.gov.au/proportionality-constitution-anne-twomey